Yes, some noncitizens can receive an SSN. The usual basis is current DHS work authorization, although SSA also recognizes limited valid nonwork reasons.
Who generally qualifies
A noncitizen admitted to the United States with permission to work can generally request an SSN. Some applicants can request the number as part of an eligible USCIS form, including certain work-authorization or permanent-residence applications, instead of filing a separate SSA request.
When a nonwork SSN may be possible
SSA may issue an SSN without work authorization only when a federal, state, or local law requires the number to receive a benefit or service for which the person has otherwise established eligibility. A private business preference, routine identification request, driver's-license request, school enrollment, or tax filing by itself does not automatically create a valid nonwork reason.
When an ITIN may be the correct tax identifier
A person who needs a U.S. taxpayer identification number but is not eligible for an SSN may need to ask the IRS about an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number. An ITIN is for federal tax administration; it does not authorize employment and does not replace an SSN when a person is eligible for one.
Evidence SSA may request
The applicant must prove identity and current immigration status. Work-authorized applicants must provide the applicable DHS evidence. A nonwork request requires a letter or other proof from the government agency that requires the SSN, identifies the law, confirms that all other eligibility requirements are met, and explains why another identifier is not accepted.
Do not apply twice
If you requested an SSN through USCIS or the immigrant-visa process, wait for that integrated request to be processed before submitting a separate application, unless SSA or the immigration agency tells you to do otherwise.
Official sources
- SSA — Social Security Numbers for Noncitizens
- SSA — Request an SSN through eligible USCIS forms
- SSA — First-time SSN request